Evolution of Policy Frameworks and Constitutional Provisions for the Tribal in India Since 1947

Since gaining independence in 1947, India has developed an extensive constitutional and policy framework to address the long-standing marginalization of tribal communities, recognized as Scheduled Tribes (STs). The Constitution incorporates various safeguards, including affirmative action, political representation, provisions for self-governance and targeted economic support. Over time, several initiatives and legislations such as the Tribal Sub-Plan, the Panchayets (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 and the Forest Rights Act, 2006 have been implemented to translate these constitutional commitments into practice. However, despite advancements in legal recognition and institutional arrangements, tribal populations continue to experience socio-economic inequalities, displacement and administrative challenges. This study critically examines the constitutional measures and post-independence policy interventions for tribal welfare, assessing their successes, shortcomings and on-going significance in present-day India.