Structural Differentiation Time (SDT) v1.3: A Minimal, Falsifiable, and Directly Testable Framework for Emergent Time

This work presents Structural Differentiation Time (SDT) v1.3, a minimal, falsifiable, and operationally defined framework in which time is not treated as a background parameter, but as an emergent observable generated by irreversible structural differentiation. Unlike conventional approaches, SDT introduces no new physical entities or modifications to fundamental laws. Instead, it provides a structural reinterpretation that yields directly measurable and experimentally testable predictions. The framework is constructed around a set of five operational figures: 1. Measurement equation of structural time2. Operational clock comparison protocol3. Discrimination between noise and structural signal4. Quantum measurement protocol (SDT–SDQ correspondence)5. Unified measurement architecture across macroscopic, quantum, and cosmological domains Together, these define a single decisive and falsifiable observational pathway that distinguishes structural time from purely relativistic time evolution. SDT v1.3 demonstrates that time emerges as a measurable consequence of structural differentiation and establishes a unified, minimal, and directly testable foundation for temporal physics.