Chemosensors and biosensors are sensors used to detect chemical and biological analytes in modern analytical sciences with applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental surveillance, industrial quality control, and food safety assurance. In recent times, emergency of nanotechnology has immensely contributed to the research quest to enhance the precision, accuracy, reliability, selectivity, and time of response of sensors. The introduction of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and gold nanoparticles with exceptional chemical, electrical, and optical properties has improved the functionality of sensors. Their high surface area provides detection of analytes at extremely low concentration levels. The emergency of miniaturized devices from chemosensors and biosensors has improved their potential to detect analytes. Most recently, the convergence of chemosensors and biosensors with computational tools such as Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) facilitates the removal of noise, detection of complex patterns, and predictive modeling, which convert data into meaningful diagnostic and decision-making tools. This computational integration makes chemosensors and biosensors have multidisciplinary applications, especially in health, environmental, and food sciences. They are versatile tools in healthcare for detecting diseases early, monitoring vital health indices, and tailoring therapeutic interventions. Their potential to detect pollutants and toxins, study the variation in water and air quality, assess ecosystem sustainability, and human health has unveiled them as indispensable devices in environmental science. Their functionality in monitoring food spoilage, detecting contaminants, and preventing adulteration is useful in ensuring food safety and security. In conclusion, chemosensors and biosensors with integrated nanotechnology and computational tools promise improved healthcare, a sustainable environment, and enhanced overall quality of life.
Aderibigbe et al. (Mon,) studied this question.