This paper reviews fault location techniques in power systems, focusing on the classification, principles, and recent advancements of each method. The two main approaches discussed are the impedance-based method and the traveling wave method. The impedance-based method, widely used for its low cost and easy integration into protective relays, estimates fault location using voltage, current, and line impedance, with both single-ended and double-ended variants. The traveling wave method identifies the fault point by measuring the arrival times of surges, offering high precision and being less affected by line impedance. Additionally, the availability of double-ended GPS synchronization allows for even greater accuracy.
Tetsushi Ono (Tue,) studied this question.