Abstract Background and aims Despite similar substance use levels, Black adults experience greater family, legal, employment and other social‐contextual challenges related to recovery than other groups. Substance use treatments that address both substance use and social‐contextual factors are uniquely positioned to address these substance‐related problems and produce more sustainable improvements in social functioning than treatment as usual (TAU) or behavioral controls (Control). The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in substance‐related problems among Black adults, focusing on the comparative effectiveness between social‐contextual treatments and TAU/Control. Design Individual‐level data synthesis based on secondary analysis of Black adults enrolled in the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network (CTN). Setting All data were collected in the primary studies between 2001 and 2008 at clinics across the United States. Participants Black adults who reported cocaine and/or opioid use across nine studies within the NIDA CTN. The sample used herein consisted of individuals from five of these studies who provided data on substance‐related problems ( n = 532; mean age = 39.34; standard deviation = 9.6). Measurements There were two treatment conditions: Social‐contextual (e.g. Motivational Interviewing, Seeking Safety, STAGE 12) and TAU/Control. Moderated nonlinear factor analysis estimated latent scores for substance‐related problems, using subscales from the Addiction Severity Index, while accounting for measurement noninvariance across studies, time and covariates. Linear mixed models estimated latent score differences over time between social‐contextual treatments and TAU/Control during treatment and from the end of treatment through 12‐month follow‐up. Findings Both treatment groups improved across substance‐related problem areas from baseline to the end‐of‐treatment (Cohen's d = −0.10 to d = −0.47), with effects maintained at 12‐month follow‐up. Although social‐contextual treatments did not statistically significantly outperform TAU/Control from baseline to end‐of‐treatment, they showed greater effects from end of treatment to 12‐month follow‐up in family/social Cohen's d difference (Δ d ) = −0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.57 to −0.38, legal (Δ d = −0.20, 95% CI = −0.31 to −0.10) and psychiatric problems (Δ d = 0.29, 95% CI = −0.38 to −0.20) than TAU/Control. Sensitivity analyses indicated that Seeking Safety and STAGE 12 predominantly drove post‐treatment improvements in family/social problems. Conclusions Substance use treatment may yield broader, delayed benefits beyond substance use reduction among Black adults in the United States. Compared with treatment‐as‐usual, social‐contextual treatments can yield more sustainable effects in legal, family and psychiatric areas among Black adults, with interventions such as Seeking Safety and STAGE 12 showing particular benefits in addressing family‐related challenges.
Espinosa et al. (Thu,) studied this question.