What question did this study set out to answer?

To propose a quadripartite model of shamanism that integrates multiple theoretical perspectives.

April 6, 2026Open Access

A Panpsychist Theory of Shamanism

Key Points

To propose a quadripartite model of shamanism that integrates multiple theoretical perspectives.
Developed a quadripartite framework combining four theories related to shamanism.
Analyzed the implications of panpsychism in understanding altered states of consciousness.
Discussed the significance of local cultural differences in shamanic practices.
The proposed model recognizes real experiences in shamanic altered states.
Identifies a link between spirit and mind within shamanism.
Demonstrates how consciousness exploration is central to shamanic practices.

Abstract

This paper develops a quadripartite panpsychist theory of shamanism(s). This fourpart framework revives and combines four theories: (i) mystical constructivism, (ii) role-taking theory, and (iii) mental imagery cultivation as a cultural practice founded upon (iv) a panpsychist philosophy of ultimate reality. I argue that this quadripartite model allows for the recognition of something ‘real’ in shamanic altered states of mind whilst maintaining epistemological sensitivity to local differences. Spirit is just another word for mind, and shamanism is an exploration of consciousness by means of consciousness. Keywords: shamanism, panpsychism, altered states of consciousness, role-taking theory, universalism vs. particularism

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