Phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Vitex negundo L.

Vitex negundo L. family Verbenaceae, a medicinal shrub holds immense therapeutic potential owing to its diverse biochemical constituents. Traditionally recognized for its role in Ayurvedic, Unani and Chinese medicine. Every part of the plant viz. leaves, roots, bark, flowers, seeds and fruits-exhibits significant pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimicrobial properties. Its phytochemical composition includes flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids and lignans, many of these are under investigation for novel drug development. However, due to overexploitation, habitat loss and lack of sustainable harvesting practices, V. negundo faces a decline in its natural populations. This review aimed to analyze the phytochemical profile, biological activities and pharmaceutical applications of Vitex negundo and further proposes urgent conservation strategies to safeguard this plant for future biomedical applications.