Utility-scale solar photovoltaics and onshore wind are central to power-system decarbonization, yet land availability, cumulative environmental impacts, and community acceptance increasingly constrain project pipelines. These constraints are often amplified by inconsistent land-use reporting: a project's direct impact area (land physically disturbed or occupied) differs from its total project area (the broader boundary associated with spacing, buffers, and parcels), leading to mismatched interpretations of trade-offs. This paper synthesizes peer‑reviewed evidence and agency guidance to develop a transferable framework for land‑use optimization in renewable energy siting. The framework integrates (i) geospatial screening and suitability mapping (GIS‑based multi‑criteria decision analysis), (ii) multi‑objective portfolio optimization (e.g., Pareto‑efficient site sets), and (iii) planning and policy instruments that operationalize "low‑conflict" development (e.g., designated development areas and program‑level environmental assessment). Results emphasize that land‑use intensity varies strongly by technology and by the metric used; consequently, planning outputs should report both direct and total areas with explicit definitions. The synthesis further shows how strengthened avoidance of high conservation‑value areas, early integration of grid feasibility, and transparent benefit‑sharing and participation mechanisms can reduce conflict without undermining deployment. The paper concludes with best‑practice recommendations and an implementable roadmap for agencies and developers to embed spatial optimization into permitting and long‑term land‑use plans.
Nimaful et al. (Sat,) studied this question.