The emergence of science (reconstruction of the modes of thinking and knowledge of the founders of ancient discursivity)

The article presents a reconstruction of the formation of the worldviews of Plato and Aristotle, which contributed to the development of ancient philosophy and science. While Plato's dialogues can only be attributed to the emergence of ancient philosophy, Aristotle's works can be linked to the establishment of ancient science. It is shown that Plato's "Symposium" and "The Republic" do not constitute scientific knowledge but rather ideas and projects of desired objects. The author asserts that Aristotle completes the realization of Parmenides' program, denying the division of the world into true and false, and establishes the structure of a unified, yet differentiated, world in terms of perfection and "principles." An important innovation was the introduction of the concept of nature, which the Stagirite arrived at while reflecting on the causes of motions. Another innovation was the interpretation of the world as a unified though differentiated entity. The author analyzes both aspects using Aristotle's work "On the Heavens," in which many ideas outlined in "Physics" are developed. Engaging in polemics with A.F. Losev, the author claims that Aristotle thinks consistently and sufficiently rigorously: God as the cause of all motions and the prime mover represents a rational principle; having understood this, one can no longer use anthropomorphic characteristics of gods, which must be discarded, leaving the rational Aristotelian "God-Mind." The material from the Stagirite's "On the Heavens," Euclid's "Elements," and Archimedes' "On Floating Bodies" is examined to explore the concept and first stage of building ancient science. Although it was still imperfect in terms of describing real laws, the start of science was marked by the study of nature, the accounting of facts, the analysis of causes, correct thinking, and the construction of explanatory schemes. All this needed correction, primarily in terms of transitioning from schemes to mathematical models. A further line of development for science is outlined.