A Global Comparison Between the Helical Photon Energy Dissipation Model and the ΛCDM Model: Theoretical Differences, Observational Fitting, and Testable Criteria

As the standard framework of modern cosmology, the ΛCDM model interprets cosmological redshift based on the core assumption of “spatial expansion,” but it relies on redundant hypotheses such as dark energy and dark matter that have not been directly confirmed by observations, and faces theoretical dilemmas including the Hubble tension, contradictions between redshift stability and spatial expansion, and superluminal recession. The helical photon energy dissipation model proposed in this paper constructs a redshift interpretation framework without assumptions of spatial expansion or dark energy, based on the microscopic physical nature of photons and the hypothesis of flat static space. This paper conducts a global systematic quantitative comparison of the two models from four core dimensions: theoretical foundation, mathematical form, observational fitting, and testable predictions, clarifying their essential differences and key distinguishing boundaries. The results show that in terms of theoretical self-consistency, the helical photon model is fully supported by physics relying on the microscopic interaction mechanism of photons (core conclusions cited from 910), while the ΛCDM model lacks a microscopic physical explanation for spatial expansion; in terms of observational fitting, the helical photon model can naturally adapt to full redshift data from low to medium to high redshifts (fitting conclusions cited from 911), with better fitting accuracy than the ΛCDM model within the scope of existing observational data; in terms of testability, their predictions on redshift drift, large-scale redshift isotropy, and the stability of local gravitational systems show significant quantitative differences (prediction conclusions cited from 91011), which can be directly distinguished by existing and next-generation observational equipment. The core innovation of this paper is: for the first time, based on the core conclusions of the first three papers, it completes a global systematic quantitative comparison between the helical photon model and the ΛCDM model, clarifying the quantitative distinguishing boundaries of their core dimensions; integrating China’s existing and next-generation top observational equipment, it designs a directly implementable observation plan for model verification, providing a clear experimental path for cosmological model validation. This study shows that at the cosmological scales involved in this paper, the helical photon model has significant advantages in theoretical simplicity, explanatory power, and testability, and can provide a more self-consistent alternative framework for cosmology. The relevant comparison results and testable criteria provide clear guidance for subsequent observational verification.