This article evaluates the effectiveness of Nigeria’s legal framework in promoting environmental sustainability within the maritime shipping sector. The maritime industry remains a critical component of Nigeria’s economy, facilitating international trade and contributing significantly to national revenue. However, its operations pose serious environmental risks, including marine pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and degradation of coastal ecosystems. To mitigate these impacts, Nigeria has developed a range of legal and institutional mechanisms, including the Merchant Shipping Act 2007, the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Act 2007, and the Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1992, alongside its obligations under international conventions such as MARPOL. Adopting a doctrinal research methodology, this study critically examines these legal instruments and evaluates their effectiveness in achieving environmental sustainability objectives. The analysis reveals that while Nigeria’s legal framework is comprehensive and largely aligned with international standards, its effectiveness is significantly undermined by weak enforcement mechanisms, institutional inefficiencies, inadequate funding, and regulatory overlaps. Additionally, the persistence of corruption and lack of technical capacity further hinder compliance within the maritime sector. The article argues that the primary challenge lies not in the absence of robust laws, but in the implementation gap between regulatory provisions and practical enforcement. It concludes that strengthening institutional capacity, enhancing inter-agency coordination, and promoting transparency are essential to improving compliance. The study recommends targeted legal reforms, stricter enforcement strategies, and increased stakeholder engagement to ensure that Nigeria’s maritime sector aligns with global sustainability standards. Ultimately, achieving environmental sustainability in maritime shipping requires a holistic approach that integrates legal, institutional, and technological solutions.
Bigha et al. (Sun,) studied this question.