Land Governance at the Local Level: Customary Systems, Formal Law, and Contested Authority: Policy Implications for Fragile States

This article examines Land Governance at the Local Level: Customary Systems, Formal Law, and Contested Authority: Policy Implications for Fragile States with a focused emphasis on São Tomé and Príncipe within the field of Political Science. It is structured as a policy analysis article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.