Unpacking environmental racism through dependency theory in the case of second-hand goods export to West Africa

Abstract The second-hand goods export market is complex and inextricably intertwined with environmental racism and dependency theories. Studies have shown that the adverse impacts of second-hand goods exports outweigh their benefits. West African countries are marginalised and are trapped in a dependency cycle. The literature discusses secondhand goods exports; however, it rarely situates this within the context of the dependency theory and environmental racism. This study seeks to address this gap by integrating several studies under a common theoretical framework connecting dependency theory to environmental racism. This study unpacks environmental racism through dependency theory in the export of second-hand goods. Specifically, it explores how West Africa’s dependence has increased the export of second-hand goods to the region. The study is significant because it aligns with the sustainable development goals 3, 10, 12 and 13. This study employed a narrative research synthesis framework to evaluate 26 publications on the second-hand goods export trade. The study found deep-rooted colonial relations in the export of second-hand goods to West Africa. Most people depended on second-hand goods, which is why imports increased. Poverty, affordability, and lack of self-reliance are among key drivers of this trade. This study found a systemic reshaping of West Africa’s rich cultural heritage through this trade. Structural dependence has increased waste export, reinforcing environmental racism. This study recommends the development and support of the local manufacturing sector, enforcement of the provisions of the Basel and Bamako Conventions, nationalism, unification of foreign policies, investment in modern recycling infrastructure, and strict environmental governance. Graphical Abstract