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This research investigates how water affects the surface structure of α-Al2O3(11–20) from ultrahigh vacuum to ambient conditions.

April 18, 2026Open Access

Surface structural evolution of α-Al2O3(11–20) from UHV to ambient conditions probed by vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy

Key Points

This research investigates how water affects the surface structure of α-Al2O3(11–20) from ultrahigh vacuum to ambient conditions.
Used vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS) to analyze surface-phonon regions from 900 to 1200 cm⁻¹.
Combined VSFS with density functional theory (DFT) for modeling surface changes due to water exposure.
Studied surface terminations under varying water conditions to understand reconstruction mechanisms.
Identified distinct surface-phonon modes in the UHV-prepared O-I surface with specific Al-O(H) features.
Low water coverage caused small shifts in phonon frequencies, indicating structural changes.
Ambient water exposure led to blue-shifted resonances, signifying a transition to protonated O-III termination with a 1:1:1 ratio of surface motifs.

Abstract

• Water dissociation triggers reconstruction, clarifying oxide/water interface chemistry. • Surface-phonon VSFS fingerprints α-Al 2 O 3 (11–20) terminations in 900–1200 cm −1. • UHV O-I shows Al 3 O/Al 2 O modes; low H 2 O coverage selectively perturbs Al 2 O sites. • Ambient H 2 O drives O-I → O-III; blue-shifted modes imply ∼ 1:1:1 AlOH/Al 2 OH/Al 3 OH. • Ambient exposure of UHV-prepared samples reproduces liquid-prepared spectra. Water can restructure oxide surfaces and thereby alter interfacial chemistry, yet determining the operative termination under realistic conditions remains challenging when multiple terminations are close in stability and when interfacial OH-stretch spectra are congested by physisorbed water contributions. Here we combine vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy (VSFS) in the surface-phonon region with density functional theory (DFT) to resolve water-driven termination changes of α-Al 2 O 3 (11–20) from ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) to ambient conditions. VSFS spectra recorded between 900 and 1200 cm⁻ 1 probe Al–O(H) phonon modes that directly report on surface coordination environments. For the UHV-prepared O-I surface (Al 2 O:Al 3 O = 1:2), two resonances near 970 and 1040 cm⁻ 1 are observed and assigned—supported by DFT normal-mode analysis—to vibrations of Al 3 O and Al 2 O associated surface motifs. Low-coverage water dosing produces small red shifts and selectively perturbs the Al 2 O related feature, consistent with dissociative adsorption forming Al 2 OH at this site. In contrast, exposure to ambient water yields blue-shifted resonances (∼980 and ∼ 1049 cm⁻ 1 ), indicating a distinct termination, which we attribute to additional sub-monolayer O atoms generated by H 2 O dissociation. Comparison to DFT models supports assignment of the ambient surface to a fully protonated O-III termination characterized by AlOH/Al 2 OH/Al 3 OH motifs in an approximately 1:1:1 ratio. Interestingly, unlike the (0001) surface, exposure to bulk liquid water does not further alter the surface termination. These results establish surface-phonon VSFS as a sensitive route to track water-induced termination transitions at oxide/water interfaces. The atomic-level insights provided in this work are essential for applications employing α-Al 2 O 3 as a substrate.

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