Abstract: Wind energy has proven to be one of the quickest-developing sources of electricity generation in the world, with installed capacities surpassing 1,000 GW globally at the end of 2023. With the deployment of wind turbines in the power grids on unprecedented scales, the dynamics of wind turbines in response to grid and mechanical perturbations have become a serious issue to power system stability, reliability, and protection. The paper provides a detailed discussion on the behavior of wind turbine systems when disturbed including voltage dips, frequency variations, short-circuit faulting, lightning, mechanical stresses caused by turbulence, and islanding. We compare the dynamic properties of fixed-speed induction generators (FSIGs) and doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) and full-converter permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) with special focus on the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability and frequency ride-through (FRT) requirements. The simulation models of time domain and frequency domain in MATLAB/Simulink and DIgSILENT Powerfactory are discussed and compared to field measurement results of a 150 MW onshore wind farm. The control measures such as crowbar protection, reactive current injection, active power modulation and virtual synchronous generator (VSG) schemes are considered. Findings show that high-order converter control can shorten voltage recovery time by as much as 47 percent relative to operation without converter control. As practical design tools, stability boundaries, protection coordination charts, and parametric sensitivity analyses are available. The paper ends with recommendations to operate grid-code compliant and mentions open research holes in the field of black-start capability and sub-synchronous resonance mitigation.
Sarmad Jasim Hasan* (Thu,) studied this question.