Emerging Nanoformulation-Based Carrier Systems: New Insights into Promising Vaccine Delivery

Introduction: Vaccines are crucial for controlling infectious diseases and reducing reliance on antibiotics, yet many diseases still lack effective vaccines. Advances in nanomaterials engineering offer new opportunities for vaccine design, utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) to elicit immune responses and modulate adaptive immunity. Methods: A comprehensive search of online databases was conducted to gather research on emerging nanocarriers for vaccine delivery. The review focused on gold NPs, dendrimer-based vaccines, exosome-based vaccines, chitosan (CS) NPs in nasal vaccines, lipid NPs (LNPs) for vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, rabies, and cancer, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as vaccine adjuvants, emulsions, and liposome-based vaccines. The limitations of CS in industrial-scale nasal vaccine production were also considered. Results: This review provides detailed updates on various nanoformulations, including chi-tosan NPs, alginate nanocarriers, liposomes, and emulsions, that are employed as vaccine delivery systems. Discussion: Although nanomedicines are still in their infancy, they offer significant advantages, such as targeted delivery, controlled release, and enhanced immunogenicity. The development of nano-vaccines depends on a deeper understanding of their interactions with both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Conclusion: Nanotechnology has transformed the development of nanomedicines, enabling precise drug delivery and targeted therapy. Despite being at an early stage, these nanomedicines are reshaping the future of medicine by improving efficacy, reducing toxicity, and enhancing delivery to specific cells and tissues.