Glycyrrhiza glabra: Active Phytoconstituents and Medicinal Properties

Since ancient times, Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) has been commonly used as a medicinal plant, which has a rich nutritional value including carbohydrates, proteins, essential amino acids, micronutrients, and bioactive phytochemicals. The roots and rhizomes of this plant are particularly valued due to the presence of glycyrrhizin, a triterpene saponin responsible for its characteristic sweetness and diverse pharmacological properties. Various phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, essential oils, and polysaccharides contribute to its therapeutic potential. Extensive studies have demonstrated that G. glabra exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, larvicidal, antioxidant, and anti-malarial effects. Root extracts have shown inhibitory activity against several pathogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Additionally, bioactive compounds like glabridin and isoflavonoids play a significant role in antifungal activity, while glycyrrhizin exhibits antiviral properties against both DNA and RNA viruses, including herpes simplex virus and influenza virus. Its anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic effects further enhance its importance in traditional and modern medicine. The current review focuses on highlighting the broad-spectrum pharmacological importance of G. glabra and related medicinal plants, emphasising their promising role in controlling parasitic infections and contributing to sustainable healthcare solutions.