A New Theory on the Physical Mechanism of Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxy Evolution

This paper abandons the inconsistent assumptions of traditional black hole theories, such as gravity trapping light, singularity with zero volume, and electromagnetic force driving jets. Based on observational facts and fundamental physical logic, it systematically expounds the essence of supermassive black holes, the cause of their darkness, jet formation mechanism, energy-matter transformation process, galaxy motion dynamics, and the law of spatial attitude flipping, establishing a self-consistent, unified and contradiction-free theoretical system. The study shows that the essence of a supermassive black hole is high-energy photon soup at the center of a galactic vortex—a pure energy body with no physical mass, no singularity structure, and no gravitational force of its own. A black hole appears dark because visible light is energized into ultra-high-energy invisible light when entering the high-energy photon soup, rather than being trapped by gravity. In the early stage of a galaxy, matter is dominated by gravity and contracts toward the center. After a black hole forms and turns into high-energy photon soup, the black hole has no gravity, but the mutual gravity among stars, nebulae, gas, dust and other matter inside the galaxy still exists. Driven by vortex force, rotational inertia and mutual gravity among matter, galactic matter continuously converges toward the center, melts into pure energy after entering the high-energy photon soup. Black hole jets are driven by rotational extrusion and polar pressure relief, consisting of pure high-energy photon flows that regenerate basic matter after energy reduction during long-distance propagation, forming a cosmic mass-energy cycle. The continuous ejection and energy balance adjustment cause the galaxy to flip 180° periodically in spatial attitude, changing from horizontal to vertical or vice versa, which explains the diverse orientations of galaxies in the universe. Ultra-long-range jets up to 23 million light-years can cross galaxy groups, deliver fresh matter and energy to aging and dead galaxies, replenish nebula materials, restart star formation, and revive dead galaxies. This theory can reasonably explain key observational phenomena such as the jet of the M87 galaxy black hole, the 23 million light-year ultra-long-range jet from the Porphyrion black hole, and the diversity of galaxy spatial orientations, correcting core errors of traditional theories and providing a new paradigm for the study of black hole physics and galaxy evolution.