This research examines the impact of the European Green Deal (EGD) on American companies exporting to the EU. The aim is to determine to what extent current European climate policies create trade barriers for U. S. exporters. The study combines literature research with quantitative data analysis, based on figures from Eurostat and United States International Trade Commission (USITC) DataWeb. Theoretically, it shows that the EGD could lead to higher costs and adjustment pressure for U. S. companies. This is especially applicable for high-emitting sectors. However, no clear impact is visible in the trade data yet, which can be explained by the early phase of implementation. The results indicate that structural consequences are likely to become visible in the medium to long term. This underlines the need for strategic preparation by U. S. companies. Also at the same time, it highlights the importance for the EU to implement its policies carefully and to avoid creating unintended protectionist effects. Keywords: European Green Deal, U. S. exports, Trade barriers, Sustainability REFERENCES Amendola, M. (2025). Winners and losers of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism. An intra-EU issue? . Energy Economics, 142, 108139. Bacchus, J. (2022). Using the USMCA for climate action. Brookings Institution, USMCA Forward. Bardt, H. , & Kolev, G. V. (2021). Trade club for climate: A climate approach to revive multilateralism (No. 8/2021). IW-Policy Paper. Beckman, J. , Burfisher, M. , Mitchell, L. , & Arita, S. (2021). Hidden obstacles to trade: The case of the EU’s ban on beef hormones. Journal of Policy Modeling, 43 (6), 1332-1343. Bergquist, P. , & Warshaw, C. (2023). How climate policy commitments influence energy systems and the economies of US states. Nature Communications, 14 (1), 4850. Besliu, R. (2023). EU deforestation regulation: Balancing climate action and global trade challenges. Green European Journal. Charnovitz, S. (1994). The NAFTA Environmental Side Agreement: Implications for Environmental Cooperation, Trade Policy, and American Treatymaking. Temp. Int'l & Comp. LJ, 8, 257. Claar, S. (2022). Green colonialism in the European Green Deal: Continuities of dependency and the relationship of forces between Europe and Africa. Culture, Practice & Europeanization, 7 (2), 262-274. Cohen, M. J. , & Egelston, A. (2003). The Bush administration and climate change: prospects for an effective policy response. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 5 (4), 315-331. Dechezleprêtre, A. , Haramboure, A. , Kögel, C. , Lalanne, G. , & Yamano, N. (2025). Carbon Border Adjustments: The potential effects of the EU CBAM along the supply chain (No. 2025/02). OECD Publishing. Delbeke, J. , & Vis, P. (2020). Towards a climate-neutral Europe: Curbing the trend (p. 248). Demirbilek, A. , Öz, S. , Fidan, Y. , (2018). Lojistik Performans Endeksi Ve Havayolu Kargo Taşımacılığı İlişkisi: 2007-2016 Türkiye Örneği, Ekonomi İşletme ve Yönetim Dergisi, 2 (1), pp. 1-24. Engström, M. (2022). A Green Deal, Open to the World. Svenska institutet för europapolitiska studier (Sieps). European Commission. (2025a). Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. https: //taxation-customs. ec. europa. eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanismₑn Accessed on 02/04/2025 European Commission. (2025b). EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). https: //climate. ec. europa. eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-etsₑn Accessed on 16/05/2025 European Commission. (2025c). Eurostat. https: //ec. europa. eu/eurostat/en/ Accessed on 27/05/2025 European Commission. (2019). The European Green Deal. https: //commission. europa. eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-dealₑn Accessed on 24/02/2025 Felbermayr, G. , Peterson, S. , & Wanner, J. (2024). Trade and the environment, trade policies and environmental policies—How do they interact? . Journal of Economic Surveys. Gibson, K. (2025). The Trump administration’s retreat from global climate leadership. https: //www. americanprogress. org/article/the-trump-administrations-retreat-from-global-climate-leadership/ Accessed on 21/05/2025 Karkare, P. , & Medinilla, A. (2023). In search of shared benefits: Europe and Africa in a global green transition. The centre for Africa-Europe relations. Keskin, G. (2025). Trump 2. 0 and the Geopolitics of Climate Withdrawal. Risk Analysis. Lashof, D. , & Neuberger, J. (2023). Climate-smart infrastructure in the United States—what does it look like and how do we get it built? . Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability, 3 (1), 012003. Louisa-Maria, B. (2024). The European Union’s Trade Poliy in Light of the Green Deal. Annals of' Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu. Economy Series/Analele Universităţii'Constantin Brâncuşi'din Târgu-Jiu Seria Economie, (2). Lucatello, S. (2022). Mexico's" catch-22": The implications of being a trade and climate partner of the United States and the European Union (No. 11/2022). IDOS Discussion Paper. Marcu, A. , Mehling, M. , & Cosbey, A. (2020). Border carbon adjustments in the EU: Issues and options. ERCST, Roundtable on Climate Change and Sustainable Transition. Öz, S. , (2020). Genel Teknoloji ve Dijital Dönüşüm Teorisine Giriş, Chapter in the book, “Teknolojik ve Dijital Dönüşüm”, Ankara, Nobel, pp. 269-292. Peña-Ramos, J. A. , del Pino-García, M. , & Sánchez-Bayón, A. (2021). The Spanish energy transition into the EU Green Deal: alignments and paradoxes. Energies, 14 (9), 2535. Peterson, J. (2016). Choosing Europe or choosing TTIP? : The European Union and the transatlantic trade and investment partnership. European Foreign Affairs Review, 21 (3). Rossetto, D. (2023). The long-term feasibility of border carbon mechanisms: An analysis of measures proposed in the European Union and the United States and the steel production sector. Sustainable Horizons, 6, 100053. Sadeleer, N. D. , & Gauthier Martens, J. (2022). Enterprise–Environmental protection–Sustainable development–Nonbinding or voluntary instruments–Competitive advantage–European Green Deal–Circular economy. Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Law (RAE), 3, 519 Sinkkonen, V. , & Martin, G. (2021). Transatlantic relations and European strategic autonomy in the Biden era: Neglect, primacy or reform? . Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA). Stephansson, O. S. (2023). A new era of Climate Protectionism? : How do the United States frame the EU´ s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? (Bachelor's thesis, University of Twente). Swain, A. , Bruch, C. , Ide, T. , Lujala, P. , Matthew, R. A. , Weinthal, E. , & Deligiannis, T. (2025). The US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement—Implications for global climate governance and security. Environment and Security, 3 (1), 3-7. United States International Trade Commission. (2025). USITC DataWeb – U. S. export data by HTS. https: //dataweb. usitc. gov/trade/search/Export/HTS Accessed on 27/05/2025 Ville, F. D. (2025). The European Union’s management of the environment-trade nexus at the World Trade Organization before and after the European Green Deal. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 1-13. Wenmei, K. , & Wang, M. (2023). The impacts of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism on China. Wentz, J. A. , & Gerrard, M. (2019). Persistent regulations: a detailed assessment of the trump administration’s efforts to repeal federal climate protections. Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School. Workman, A. , Blashki, G. , Bowen, K. J. , Karoly, D. J. , & Wiseman, J. (2020). Political leadership on climate change: the role of health in Obama-era US climate policies. Environmental Research Letters, 15 (10), 105003. World Economic Forum. (2020). The Future of Nature and Business. https: //www3. weforum. org/docs/WEFTheFutureOfNatureAndBusiness₂020. pdf Accessed on 14/03/2025 Zoghbi, E. (2022). Perspectives for a Green Deal Framework in Latin America. Environmental Sciences Proceedings, 15 (1), 67.
Eline Dewanckele (Sun,) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: