HRMARS - Public health systems and pandemic preparedness are increasingly recognized as critical pillars of national security, economic stability, and global resilience. While recent crises, particularly COVID-19, have triggered unprecedented emergency spending, sustained investment in underlying public health infrastructure remains inconsistent. This paper argues that pandemic preparedness cannot be achieved in isolation and must be embedded within strong, continuously funded public health systems. Drawing on lessons from recent epidemics and evolving U.S. policy priorities, the study examines the economic, institutional, and systemic consequences of underinvestment in public health capacity. It proposes a policy-oriented financial framework that integrates sustainable financing, risk-informed investment, and system-level design to support resilient and adaptive health systems. Building on concepts of risk-tolerant financing, capability-oriented due diligence, and integrated financial system design, the paper advances a unified financing approach that reframes finance from a compliance-driven function to a strategic enabler of public health resilience. The findings highlight the necessity of long-term, system-based investment to strengthen preparedness and position public health as a continuous national and global priority.
Kaleem Ullah Khan (Wed,) studied this question.