What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to establish a topological framework for the origin of rest mass, superseding the Higgs mechanism.

April 24, 2026Open Access

Topological Knots as the Origin of Mass: A Deterministic Derivation of E= mc2 within q-Deformed EFT

Key Points

The aim is to establish a topological framework for the origin of rest mass, superseding the Higgs mechanism.
Developed a topological framework within q-deformed Effective Field Theory.
Applied the energy-momentum tensor to analyze topological configurations.
Provided a geometric proof for Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence.
Rest mass is shown to derive from the quantized Hamiltonian energy of trapped metric strain.
Confirmed particle stability and discrete mass spectra through the framework.
Explained the physical mechanism underlying matter-antimatter annihilation.

Abstract

We provide a comprehensive topological framework for the origin of rest mass, effectivelysuperseding the phenomenological Higgs mechanism. Within the q-deformed Effective FieldTheory (q-EFT), we demonstrate that elementary "particles" are not fundamental entitiesbut localized topological solitons (knots) of the background 1-form field γµ. By applyingthe energy-momentum tensor to these configurations, we provide a rigorous geometric prooffor Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence: rest mass is the quantized Hamiltonian energy oftrapped metric strain. This framework naturally accounts for particle stability, discretemass spectra, and the physical mechanism of matter-antimatter annihilation.

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