On the systemic violence of return policies: Studying forced returns as enforcement events

This article examines the execution of forced removals in Italy. Drawing on the analysis of original sources, it explores which factors affect the use of force during return operations and how that use is rationalized. Offering a unique empirical perspective, the article documents the operational strategies in an area of administrative action where use of force is notably intense. After a brief methodological introduction, the analysis focuses on the logistics of forced returns, exploring the intricate relationship between the spatial and temporal dimensions that shape this distinct exercise of state coercive power. Our research indicates that the use of force is a constant element in forced returns. However, we contend that the high level of coercion involved should not be attributed solely to individual misconduct. Instead, it reflects a form of systemic violence that normalizes and institutionalizes subjective violence, embedding it within the very structure of the return process.