In the construction sector, various types of excavations can be distinguished, each associated with specific objectives and particular construction techniques. Depending on the scale of the project and ground conditions, these activities may lead to catastrophic and even fatal accidents, mainly related to cave-ins, collapses, and landslides. Excavation works interact directly with their geotechnical environment, which in many cases reveals the absence of systematic tools for verifying on-site safety conditions. Within this context, the development of checklist questionnaires based on Technical Prevention Note NTP 324, integrated into a local operational and regulatory framework, represents a significant contribution to excavation safety management, both for professional practice and the academic community. The identification of unsafe conditions or deficiencies makes it possible to prioritize critical areas and to transform risk detection into concrete preventive actions. As a result, the determination of deficiency levels is consolidated as a key tool for active safety management, subsequently enabling the estimation of risk levels in accordance with the evaluation method established in NTP 330. This approach justifies the application of technical criteria defined in the current technical-legal regulations and promotes their future implementation as a practical tool for construction projects involving excavation works.
Bucheli et al. (Sun,) studied this question.