Low-Entropy Origins, Feedback Dynamics, and the Emergence of Balance: A Unified Framework for Cosmology, Thermodynamics, and Complex Systems

Abstract The early universe began in a state of extremely high temperature yet remarkably low entropy, raising a fundamental question about the thermodynamic arrow of time. This paper resolves the apparent paradox by distinguishing thermal and gravitational entropy, and by introducing the Universal Balance–Feedback Framework (UBFF). We derive an original dimensionless Balance Parameter β that quantifies the coupling between local entropy reduction and environmental entropy production. We prove a formal Balance–Stability Theorem establishing necessary and sufficient conditions under which a feedback-regulated system maintains dynamic balance. Quantitative testable predictions are derived for three domains: cosmological structure formation, biological homeostasis, and cognitive decision-making. The UBFF unifies these domains under four universal laws: System Integrity, Universal Balance, Universal Feedback, and Universal Interconnected Nodes.