Public health consequences of Gaza war 2023–2025: a narrative review

The ongoing war in Gaza (2023–2025) has precipitated an unprecedented public health crisis, exacerbating an already fragile healthcare system weakened by years of blockade and conflict. This literature review examines the multifaceted health consequences of the war, focusing on nutrition, maternal and child health, non-communicable and infectious diseases, mental health, and healthcare infrastructure. The destruction of hospitals, the displacement of nearly 90% of the population, and extreme food insecurity have led to severe malnutrition, disease outbreaks, and a collapse of essential medical services. Pregnant women, children, and individuals with chronic diseases face heightened risks due to the unavailability of healthcare services, compounded by direct attacks on medical facilities and personnel. Infectious disease outbreaks, including hepatitis A, scabies, and polio, have surged due to overcrowding and deteriorating sanitation. Mental health conditions, including PTSD and anxiety disorders, remain largely unaddressed amid ongoing traumas. This review identifies critical research gaps and emphasizes the need for permanent ceasefire, immediate humanitarian intervention, sustainable healthcare reconstruction, and long-term strategies to mitigate the devastating impact of war on public health.