The retrofitting of existing stadiums with retractable roof systems presents a complex interdisciplinary challenge, requiring the reconciliation of aged structural capacity with modern performance demands. This paper investigates the engineering design and analysis of a new retractable roof system for the Ningbo (Yinzhou) Tennis Center, a facility originally completed in 2007 and now requiring an upgrade to host higher-tier WTA 500 events. The retrofit is further complicated by increased seismic design requirements and the need to preserve the existing structure. To address these constraints, this study proposes a novel, structurally independent roof system comprising 12 radially deployable units supported by an external single-layer spatial grid and lambda-shaped columns. A multidisciplinary approach integrates structural engineering, mechanical systems, and architectural technology. Key innovations include (1) the selection and detailed modeling of a rack-and-pinion drive mechanism, with a floating engagement design to accommodate dynamic load transfer; (2) a two-stage analytical framework employing both sub-assembly and integrated assembly finite element models to capture the unique mechanical behavior and coupling effects between the new and existing structures; (3) the strategic implementation of circumferential hoop cables to counteract uplift forces and redirect the internal force distribution in the supporting bifurcated columns; and (4) the validation of structural integrity through comprehensive static, stability, and seismic gap analyses, informed by wind tunnel testing. The results demonstrate that the proposed system satisfies all strength, stiffness, and stability criteria under multiple operational states (open, closed, and transitional) and meets the enhanced seismic fortification standards. This research provides a validated theoretical foundation and practical implementation guidelines for this specific stadium retrofit, demonstrating a viable pathway for extending the service life of aging sports infrastructure, with insights that may inform similar urban renewal projects under comparable conditions.
Shuizhong et al. (Sun,) studied this question.