Abstract The Qur’an is regarded by Muslims as the final revelation from one God. This paper evaluates that claim using logical reasoning, historical analysis, and selected scientific considerations. By examining the Qur’an’s internal coherence, preservation, linguistic structure, and references to natural phenomena, the study argues that the hypothesis of divine authorship provides a coherent explanatory framework. While not constituting a deductive proof in the mathematical sense, the convergence of evidence supports the plausibility of the Qur’an as a revelation from a single, unified source. 1. Introduction The Qur’an presents itself as divine revelation and challenges readers to assess its origin (Qur’an 4:82; 52:33–34). Unlike purely theological claims, this assertion invites examination through logic, textual study, and empirical reflection. This paper analyzes whether the Qur’an can reasonably be explained as the product of human authorship or whether it is better understood as the word of one God. 2. Internal Consistency and Logical Coherence2.1 Absence of Contradiction The Qur’an states: “If it had been from other than God, they would have found within it much contradiction” (Qur’an 4:82). Despite being revealed over approximately 23 years in varying contexts, the text maintains thematic and theological consistency (Neuwirth, 2010). 2.2 Unified Theological Message The Qur’an consistently emphasizes monotheism (Tawhid), presenting a coherent concept of one God without internal theological conflict. Logical consistency over time suggests a single authorship rather than multiple independent sources. 3. Linguistic and Literary Uniqueness3.1 Inimitability (I‘jaz al-Qur’an) The Qur’an challenges its audience to produce a text like it (Qur’an 2:23). Classical and modern scholars argue that its linguistic structure, rhetorical features, and stylistic balance are unique in Arabic literature (Arberry, 1955). 3.2 Non-Linear Composition The Qur’an is not arranged chronologically yet exhibits structural coherence. Some modern studies identify patterns such as ring composition and thematic symmetry (Mir, 1986). 4. Preservation and Transmission4.1 Historical Preservation The Qur’an is among the best-preserved ancient texts. Early manuscripts and oral transmission demonstrate remarkable textual stability (Sinai, 2017). 4.2 Implication A consistent and preserved message strengthens the argument for a single, controlled source rather than evolving authorship. 5. Scientific Considerations5.1 Natural Phenomena in the Qur’an The Qur’an contains references to aspects of nature, such as: Embryological development (Qur’an 23:12–14)Expansion of the universe (Qur’an 51:47)Barriers between bodies of water (Qur’an 55:19–20) Some scholars argue that these descriptions align with modern scientific observations (Bucaille, 1976). 5.2 Caution in Interpretation Interpretations of scientific verses remain debated. Many scholars emphasize that the Qur’an is not a science textbook but uses natural signs to prompt reflection (Guessoum, 2011). 6. Argument from Illiteracy and Context6.1 The Prophet’s Background Muhammad is traditionally described as unlettered (Qur’an 7:157). The emergence of a text with literary and conceptual sophistication from such a context is considered by believers as evidence of divine origin. 6.2 Historical Environment 7th-century Arabia lacked the scientific and philosophical frameworks reflected in some Qur’anic passages, raising questions about purely human authorship. 7. Logical Argument for One Divine Source7.1 Unity of Message The Qur’an presents: A consistent theologyUnified moral frameworkCoherent worldview This unity supports the hypothesis of a single author. 7.2 Elimination of Alternatives Possible explanations include: Human authorshipCollective authorshipDivine authorship Human and collective authorship struggle to explain: Long-term consistencyLinguistic uniquenessClaimed knowledge beyond context Thus, divine authorship emerges as a plausible explanation. 7.3 Monotheistic Conclusion Since the Qur’an consistently affirms one God and reflects unified authorship, it logically supports the conclusion that it originates from one divine source. 8. Counterarguments and Critical Perspectives8.1 Literary Excellence as Human Achievement Some scholars argue that literary brilliance does not necessitate divine origin. 8.2 Scientific Retrofitting Critics suggest that scientific interpretations may be influenced by modern hindsight. 8.3 Response While individual arguments may be debated, the cumulative case—combining linguistic, historical, logical, and thematic evidence—remains significant. 9. Conclusion The Qur’an presents a unique case in religious literature. Its internal consistency, preservation, linguistic features, and engagement with natural phenomena contribute to a coherent argument for divine authorship. While not constituting empirical proof in the strict scientific sense, the logical and cumulative evidence supports the claim that the Qur’an is the word of one God. References
Z. Hussain (Wed,) studied this question.