What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to analyze the scale-up of HIV self-testing across eight African countries using national programme data.

May 1, 2026

Scaling Up HIV Self-Testing in Africa: Insights From National Programmatic Data in Eight Countries.

Key Points

This research aims to analyze the scale-up of HIV self-testing across eight African countries using national programme data.
Conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis of data from January 2019 to December 2023.
Data sources included national programmatic data from Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.
Indicators tracked included HIVST kit distribution, conventional testing volumes, new HIV diagnoses, and ART initiations.
HIVST accounted for 63% of total testing in Lesotho, while less than 15% in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and South Africa.
In Malawi, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe, the introduction of HIVST partially compensated for declines in conventional testing during the COVID-19 pandemic.
New HIV diagnoses and ART initiations remained stable across most countries, indicating effective adaptations in programs amid changing testing volumes.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Evidence from routine, national programme data on HIV self-testing (HIVST) scale-up is limited. This study examines HIVST scale-up in eight African countries, describing how HIVST has been integrated into testing strategies and how testing coverage, test positivity, and linkage to antiretroviral therapy (ART) have evolved. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis of national programme data from January 2019 to December 2023 across Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Data were disaggregated by quarter and subnational district. Indicators included HIVST kits distributed, conventional testing volumes, new HIV diagnoses and new ART initiations. We derived testing rates, testing positivity, ART linkage, and stability of HIVST distribution by district and over time. RESULTS: HIVST scale-up varied across countries. By the most recent quarter, HIVST accounted for 63% of total testing in Lesotho, 19%-25% in Malawi and Zimbabwe, but <15% in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and South Africa. In Malawi, Lesotho and Zimbabwe, large volumes of HIVST partially offset declines in conventional testing during the COVID-19 pandemic. HIVST remained modest (<15% of total tests) in Kenya and Tanzania. In Mozambique, both conventional testing and HIVST expanded. In South Africa, conventional testing remained high after COVID-19, while HIVST expanded slowly. Despite divergent trajectories, new HIV diagnoses and ART initiations remained stable in most settings, indicating programmes adapted to maintain case-finding even as testing volumes shifted. CONCLUSIONS: This descriptive analysis shows HIVST has been scaled to different degrees, with its contribution to overall testing shaped by national contexts, and distribution models. Interpretation is constrained by incomplete reporting, the inability to identify kits used out of kits distributed and distinguishing first-time from repeat testers. These findings can guide optimizing HIV testing services, an essential step towards meeting global HIV targets and ending AIDS by 2030.

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