India is confronting a convergence of environmental degradation, rapid urbanization, and socio-economic inequalities that threaten long-term development and public well-being. Air pollution, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and climate vulnerability are compounded by urban overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and persistent disparities in employment, gender participation, and rural-urban access. Resource mismanagement in water, energy, and waste further intensifies ecological stress, while fragmented governance and limited citizen engagement hinder effective policy implementation. This paper synthesizes national and regional trends, highlighting the scale of environmental and social pressures, their economic and health impacts, and the urgent need for integrated, inclusive, and sustainable policy frameworks.
Chavan et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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