Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemongrass): A Review on Its Phytochemistry and Biological Activities

Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Poaceae that is widely used in traditional medicine for its calming, therapeutic, and health-promoting properties, particularly in Asia, Africa, and South America.1,6 The aim of this review is to summarize and evaluate existing literature on the phytochemical composition and biological activities of C. citratus, with emphasis on its neurocognitive potential. A narrative review design was employed to compile, summarize, and interpret published studies on the phytochemistry and pharmacological effects of C. citratus. Literature was retrieved primarily from Google Scholar and other online sources, covering studies published from 2000 to 2025 to ensure both foundational and recent scientific findings were included.14 Studies focusing on phytochemical screening, essential oil composition, and neuropharmacological effects were analyzed. Based on the reviewed literature, C. citratus contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils such as citral, geraniol, and limonene.4,12 These compounds are strongly associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities. Existing studies suggest that its neurocognitive effects, including memory enhancement, anxiolytic activity, and neuroprotection, are linked to its ability to reduce oxidative stress, modulate neurotransmitter activity, and inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzymes.15,10 However, despite promising preclinical evidence, most findings are derived from in vitro and animal studies, with limited clinical trials in humans. Therefore, the neurocognitive benefits of C. citratus should still be considered as potential therapeutic effects rather than confirmed clinical outcomes. Further research, particularly well-designed human clinical studies, is needed to validate its safety and efficacy in neurocognitive applications.