The European Union’s Framework for the Protection of Submarine Cables and Legal Lessons Learned in the Baltic

Submarine cables are critically important for modern global telecommunications and energy transmission. In recent years, international relations in Europe, influenced by rising geopolitical tensions, have seen numerous cases of submarine cable damage caused either intentionally or by culpable negligence. In this context, incidents in the Baltic Sea involving ships such as “Eagle S”, “Yi Peng 3”, “Newnew Polar Bear” and “Jaguar”, have made that sea basin a critical region in Europe. As a result, the European Union (EU) has increased efforts to shape its policies and strategies and develop its partnership with NATO. Simultaneously, the effectiveness and enforceability of international law of the sea provisions concerning the protection of submarine cables outside territorial seas, can be questioned, particularly with respect to exclusive economic zones (EEZ) and continental shelves (CS). The author uses analytical, descriptive, comparative and synthetic methods, to examine the relevant policy, strategic and legal frameworks. Particular attention is given to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the 2025 European Ocean Pact and the 2025 EU Action Plan on Cable Security. As a case study, the paper analyzes the practical and legal responses of Baltic coastal states with specific reference to Finland’s response and legal framework concerning the “Eagle S” incident. In this regard, the paper identifies legal complexities and ambiguities related to the jurisdictions of flag and coastal states, explores the potential for more effective practical and legal responses, and advocates for stronger coordination among EU and NATO member states.