A comparative study on entrepreneurship in regards to self-efficacy, gender, and culture/ social norms between Western, Asian, and Arabic cultures

This study examines the relationship between entrepreneurship, self-efficacy, gender, and cultural/social norms through a comparative cross-cultural analysis. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), the research analyzes key indicators including fear of failure, perceived capabilities, and female-to-male early-stage entrepreneurial activity across selected Western, Asian, and Arabic countries. The findings reveal significant variations between cultural groups, highlighting correlations between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial participation, as well as persistent gender disparities influenced by social norms. While relationships between variables are evident, the study finds limited evidence supporting a mediating role of culture or gender in shaping self-efficacy. The research contributes to the understanding of how cultural and social frameworks influence entrepreneurial behavior and underscores the importance of contextual factors in shaping gender dynamics in entrepreneurship.