PURPOSE: To evaluate safety and immunogenicity of intramuscularly delivered personalized neoantigen synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccines in patients with advanced solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this Phase I trial, 12 patients with advanced melanoma (n=9) or renal cell carcinoma (n=3) who lacked access to further reimbursed standard therapies at enrollment received intramuscular neoantigen SLP vaccines with poly-ICLC. Each vaccine contained ~20 predicted neoantigen peptides. Adverse events were monitored throughout vaccination and follow-up. Immune profiling was performed at baseline and predefined post-vaccination time points. RESULTS: Intramuscular neoantigen vaccination was well tolerated, with only grade 1-2 local pain or fever and no immune-mediated toxicities. All participants developed de novo T-cell responses, which were detectable as early as one week post-vaccination in most patients. On average, 53% of peptides per patient were immunogenic, inducing both CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ neoantigen-specific responses. Patients previously treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) had higher baseline immunity but achieved comparable post-vaccination responses to ICI-naïve patients. IFN-γ-dominant CD8⁺ and TNF-α-dominant CD4⁺ responses were observed, along with increased effector memory differentiation. Two patients with higher CD8⁺ TEMRA proportions were the longest survivors. Tumor biopsies revealed enhanced CD8⁺ infiltration, and epitope spreading occurred in two evaluable cases. Analysis of 239 peptides showed greater immunogenicity for dual MHC I/II-binding, cysteine-containing, and in-frame indel- or low-VAF- derived mutations, while proline substitutions reduced responses. CONCLUSIONS: Intramuscular neoantigen SLP vaccination with poly-ICLC is safe and induces rapid, mutation-specific T-cell immunity with robust CD8⁺ effector responses. These findings support intramuscular administration as a promising strategy for peptide-based cancer vaccines.
Pakvisal et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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