Abstract Genetically modified (GM) crops are developed by altering plant DNA using advanced genetic engineering. As of 2024-25, they were grown on a record 209.8 million hectares across 28 countries, a 1.9% increase from 2023. India ranks fifth globally but has only approved Bt cotton for commercial use. Although Bt brinjal was cleared in 2009, it faced a moratorium until trials resumed in 2020. In 2024, GM Mustard (Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11) received conditional environmental clearance. By 2025, GM crops like chickpeas, pigeon peas, corn, and sugarcane are under trial. GM crops offer benefits such as pest and drought resistance, longer shelf life, and applications in nutrition, medicine, and biofuels. However, concerns over health, environment, and socio-economic impacts remain. This article reviews India’s GM crop journey, highlighting regulatory gaps and the need for stronger oversight. The Supreme Court’s call for a national biosafety policy is key to ensuring safe and sustainable agricultural advancement.
Ahamad et al. (Thu,) studied this question.