Cosmetic Surgery in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Societal Shifts, Psychological Implications, and Policy Challenges: A Narrative Review.

The impact of globalization, along with the change in societal values and economic growth, has contributed to the growing popularity of cosmetic procedures across the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, including Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. This study explores the prevalence of cosmetic procedures and their correlation with body image perception in this region. Utilizing a comprehensive literature review of research published preferably between 2011 and 2024, this study explores the trends of surgical and non-surgical procedures, the demographics of the users, as well as the determinants of the decision to undergo the procedure in the region. Key determinants include social media popularity, an increased level of awareness towards aesthetic options, and cultural shifts. There is a growing trend of increasing acceptance of rhinoplasty, liposuction, and Botox procedures among women and men aged 20-40. The motivations behind these choices include societal trends, professional image, and self-esteem. However, disparities in access, cultural sensitivities, and ethical concerns persist, especially when balancing traditional values with modern beauty standards. The implications of cosmetic surgery go beyond aesthetics, encompassing physical health risks, psychological outcomes, and ethical dilemmas. Much attention has focused on strengthening robust regulatory frameworks, ethical practices, and patient education to ensure patients are safe and well-informed before making a decision. Moreover, the literature remains sparse on several fronts, including male underrepresentation, long-term psychosocial outcomes, and the influence of cultural and religious norms. Further investigation into these issues will broaden understanding and inform policy formulation in the rapidly evolving field of cosmetic surgery in GCC countries.