Diversifying Waqf for Educational Transformation in Somalia: Global Evidence and Sharīʿah Foundations for Sustainable Human Capital

Introduction Waqf (Islamic endowment) has historically supported education, healthcare, and social welfare across the Muslim world as a perpetual instrument of Sharīʿah-based social finance. Rooted in principles of perpetuity and irrevocability, waqf has played a central developmental role. In Somalia, however, its application remains largely limited to mosque construction. With public education spending at only 0.16% of GDP—far below the 3% average for low-income countries—and among the world’s lowest enrollment rates, Somalia faces a critical human capital deficit. Diversifying waqf into education offers a culturally grounded and sustainable financing alternative. Methods This study applied a systematic review of theological literature, global case studies, and policy reports. Sources included classical jurisprudence, contemporary waqf scholarship, and empirical evidence from Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Turkey, Pakistan, and Somalia. A thematic analysis identified key theological foundations, institutional models, and constraints to diversification. Discussion The findings highlight four core jurisprudential principles—ṣadaqah jāriyah (perpetual charity), Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (higher objectives), istiṣlāḥ (public interest), and amānah (trusteeship)—which collectively support the expansion of waqf into education. International experiences reveal diverse and effective models: Egypt’s Al-Azhar demonstrates sustainability through productive endowments; Saudi Arabia’s KAUST integrates sovereign waqf with modern finance; Malaysia showcases structured cash waqf systems; Indonesia’s Gontor reflects community resilience; Turkey’s foundation universities illustrate institutional governance; and Pakistan highlights risks of fragmented private waqf. In contrast, Somalia’s waqf sector remains informal and constrained by legal gaps, conflict, weak financial systems, poverty, narrow cultural perceptions, and governance challenges. Conclusion Diversifying waqf in Somalia is both a Sharīʿah imperative and a developmental priority. Immediate opportunities include community-based initiatives, diaspora engagement, and gradual legal reform. Long-term progress requires national legislation and professional management. A reformed waqf system can expand educational access, strengthen human capital, and support sustainable development.