A Consolidated Framework for the Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Using EEG Signals and Hybrid Models

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a serious neurodegenerative disorder that can severely affect behavior and thinking patterns, and is accompanied by frequent memory loss. The early diagnosis of AD is essential, as this can benefit the patient, but detecting AD is a complex process due to the nature of its associated clinical data. Electroencephalography (EEG) serves as a promising and cost-effective technique for analyzing AD-related brain activity patterns. In this work, a consolidated framework for detecting AD using EEG signals and hybrid models is proposed that uses a dataset that is available online. For the feature extraction module, five efficient techniques—Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Kernel Partial Least Squares (KPLS), Kriging Model, Isomap, and K-means clustering—are used. For feature selection, with the help of biomimetics-based concepts, three efficient algorithms are used: hybrid Cuckoo Search Optimization–Rat Swarm Optimization (CSO-RSO), Zebra Optimization (ZOA), and hybrid Gravitational Search Algorithm–Particle Swarm Optimization (GSA-PSO). Four interesting hybrid classifiers are utilized here to detect AD using EEG signals—hybrid Extreme Learning Machine–Adaboost (ELM–Adaboost), hybrid Classification and Regression Trees–Adaboost (CART–Adaboost), and hybrid weighted broad learning system-based Adaboost (HWBLSA), followed by a hybrid machine learning classification model with a soft voting technique—and, finally, these are compared with other standard machine learning classifiers. The highest classification accuracy of 98.71% is found when the Kriging Model feature extraction concept is combined with the hybrid GSA-PSO feature selection method and classified with the ELM–Adaboost classifier.