The article is devoted to a comparative legal analysis of the system of punishments in the criminal law of the Republic of Abkhazia and the Russian Federation. The subject of the research is the regulatory provisions enshrined in Articles 43–54 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Abkhazia and Articles 44–59 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, including types of punishments such as fines, deprivation of the right to hold certain positions, corrective labor, restrictions on military service (detention in a disciplinary battalion), imprisonment, life imprisonment, death penalty, and confiscation of property. The paper compares the structure and content of the punishment systems of the two states, which share a common Soviet legal heritage. Special attention is paid to identifying discrepancies in the calculation of fines, terms of imprisonment, approaches to corrective labor, grounds for the imposition of the death penalty, and confiscation of property. The study covers both textual differences in the criminal codes and their influence on the differences in criminal law policy and the scales of the legal systems. The methodological basis consists of comparative legal analysis, a formal-legal method, as well as systemic and structural interpretation of the criminal law norms regulating the system of punishments. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time at the modern stage, a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the entire system of punishments of the Republic of Abkhazia and the Russian Federation has been carried out, revealing not only obvious differences (the number of types of punishments, maximum limits of imprisonment) but also more subtle discrepancies—in the methods of calculating fines, mechanisms of corrective labor, and grounds for confiscation of property. The author concludes that the Russian model of punishments is characterized by differentiation, detail, and severity, while the model of the Republic of Abkhazia maintains a traditional, less detailed approach. It is justified that the differences reflect not only different stages of reforming criminal legislation but also objective factors—such as the size of the state, the structure of the armed forces, and priorities of criminal law policy. The conclusion is made about the advisability of considering the Russian experience when improving the Criminal Code of the Republic of Abkhazia, especially in terms of expanding methods of calculating fines and clarifying criteria for imprisonment.
Astanda Alekseevna Salakaya (Fri,) studied this question.