Construction of a multi-dimensional predictive model for college students’ academic performance based on deep learning

Academic performance (AP) prediction is crucial for recognizing at-risk students and enhancing learning outcomes. Traditional statistical models often fail to capture temporal and behavioral patterns. Deep learning (DL) approaches offer improved accuracy and adaptability by leveraging multi-dimensional student data for predictive analysis. The objective is to advance a robust predictive model that predicts students' AP using multi-dimensional data, integrating temporal, behavioral, and demographic features. Students' learning performance data for n = 2000 is collected from multiple sources, including student grades, attendance, learning management system (LMS) interactions, psychometric surveys, and demographic records. Collected data undergoes preprocessing steps, including handling missing values using K Nearest Neighbor Imputation (KNNI), outlier removal, and normalization. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is employed to decrease dimensionality and extract relevant characteristics from high-dimensional datasets. A novel Gated Long Short-Term Memory Unit is optimized with Dove (GateLSTMU-Dove) to capture temporal dependencies and student engagement patterns. GateLSTMU identifies time-dependent patterns in educational data to support accurate performance forecasting. Dove optimizes model parameters efficiently, enhancing convergence speed and predictive accuracy of the GatedLSTMU. Python 3.10-based experiments demonstrate the model's superior performance. GateLSTMU-Dove achieved lower error metrics and higher classification accuracy (98.85%) compared to baseline methods. Visualization of predictions confirmed accurate forecasting and interpretable temporal patterns in student performance. The GateLSTMU-Dove effectively predicted academic outcomes using multi-dimensional student data. It provides interpretable insights, supports early intervention strategies, and demonstrates a scalable, reproducible approach for data-driven AP management.