What does this research mean for the field?

A three-perturber architecture in the outer Solar System, including hypothetical planets Erebo and P3, is dynamically viable and orbitally stable over a 100 million year timescale. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.INCREMENTAL. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to investigate the long-term dynamical stability of a three-perturber model of the outer Solar System over 100 million years.

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May 19, 2026Open Access

ATMAN v5.0 Paper X: Long-term Dynamical Stability of the Three-Perturber Outer Solar System — A 100 Myr ATMAN v5.0 Integration

Key Points

The aim is to investigate the long-term dynamical stability of a three-perturber model of the outer Solar System over 100 million years.
Conducted a 100 Myr N-body integration using ATMAN v5.0 with dt=1000yr and 10,000 checkpoints.
Studied the stability of three perturbers: Erebo (7M⊕, 600au), P3 (12M⊕, 1000au), and Solution B (6M⊕, 75au).
Erebo maintains a semi-major axis of 715.2±0.00au and an eccentricity of 0.401±0.0000 over 100 Myr.
P3 maintains a semi-major axis of 1039.9±0.00au and an eccentricity of 0.196±0.0000.
Kuiper Cliff depletion proxy averaged Ddep=0.602, indicating dynamical viability on Solar System formation timescales.

Abstract

Paper X of the ATMAN v5.0 series. A 100 Myr N-body integration of the three-perturber outer Solar System (Solution B: 6M⊕, 75au; Erebo: 7M⊕, 600au; P3: 12M⊕, 1000au) using ATMAN v5.0 with dt=1000yr and 10,000 checkpoints. Both Erebo and P3 are orbitally stable over the full 100 Myr integration: Erebo maintains a=715.2±0.00au, e=0.401±0.0000; P3 maintains a=1039.9±0.00au, e=0.196±0.0000. Kuiper Cliff depletion proxy averaged over full integration: Ddep=0.602. The three-perturber architecture is dynamically viable on Solar System formation timescales. Paper X of the ATMAN v5.0 series.

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