Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has surfaced as an indispensable component of modern business strategy, evolving from a philanthropic practice into a comprehensive approach that addresses ethical, social, and environmental obligations. CSR now reflects a company’s responsibility to positively impact stakeholders, including employees, customers, communities, and the environment. In borderless world, corporations are expected to go beyond profit-making and contribute meaningfully to societal development and sustainability. This paper explores the evolution, scope, and challenges of CSR, with a special emphasis on its implementation by the Tata Sustainability Group in India. The growing integration of global markets has expanded corporate influence, resulting in a shift in roles between governments and businesses. While governments traditionally regulated social development, businesses are increasingly expected to contribute to these goals. This shift has made stakeholder engagement critical for long-term business success, leading to the incorporation of legal, ethical, and environmental considerations into core business practices. In India, CSR has been institutionalized by the Companies Act, 2013, that commissioned certain companies to apportion a percentage of profits toward social causes. While this has accelerated CSR adoption, many businesses still approach it as a compliance requirement rather than a strategic priority. Tata Group stands out for its broad CSR initiatives but faces challenges such as internal alignment, impact measurement, and integrating CSR deeper into operational frameworks. This paper examines and interprets the legal principles, statutes, case law, and regulations related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This paper includes thorough analysis of relevant laws in India, which aim to address Corporate Social Responsibility as per Tata Group’s in India. The methodology will also include the study of judicial decisions that interpret these laws and shape their application in corporate environments.
Suri et al. (Wed,) studied this question.