Abstract India is currently in its 21st century, and in this article, we discuss the history of parliamentary procedures in the country, with particular emphasis on institutional practices, and reform trajectories (also over time) in the 21st century. Parliament, as the principal deliberative space in India’s parliamentary democracy, exerts legislative, representational, deliberative, financial and accountability functions through a complex universe defined by constitutional provisions, procedural rules and conventions, norms, and committees. Parliamentary functioning, however, has evolved over the years under the sway of increased executive control, regular disruptions, reduced time for deliberations, transformation in the conduct of legislative business, and with increasing specific needs for procedural innovations and democratic accountabilities. In this context, the article examines the continuity and change over time in India-s parliamentary practices through its embedded constitutional roots, functioning and recent attempts for reform. This article takes an institutional and political science lens to examine how, from the democratic normative and governance necessity perspective, parliamentary procedures have adapted over time. It assesses essential procedural areas legislative business, Question Hour, Zero Hour, motions and debates, financial control, committee oversight, party discipline, and presiding officers. To do this, we focus on 21st century reforms of parliamentary practices to enhance efficiency and transparency, productivity, and responsiveness to the public while accounting for lasting complaints about diminished deliberation, dependence, and expedience, and weakened opposition scrutinization of the executive. Abstract: The study contends that over the years, the evolution of parliamentary procedures in India speaks about the dialectical tension between procedural adaptability impinging upon the erosion of democratic norms. It argues that addressing the governance challenge requires sound institutional reform that enhances deliberative quality, strengthens institutional autonomy and anchors procedural accountability to safeguard the representative-constitutional character of India´s Parliament in contemporary times.
M. G. Naganoor (Thu,) studied this question.