Norland's article makes points of special significance at a time when issues-based programming is dictating the need for a broader and more diverse disciplinary base.Certainly, the service obligation of the land-grant university is broader than that described in the Smith-Lever Act.Histories of many of those institutions provide evidence that this perception has been shared by many faculty, deans, and presidents who involved themselves in a broad array of off-campus, problem-focused educational efforts decades before the founding of the Cooperative Extension System.
Robert L. Crom (Sat,) studied this question.