Nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapy integrates nanotechnology with immune modulation, representing a promising strategy to improve both the efficacy and safety of cancer treatment. Despite substantial preclinical potential, clinical translation is hindered by interconnected challenges in pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, and long-term safety. This mechanism-oriented prospective analyzes translational bottlenecks, pharmacological uncertainty from biomolecular corona, suboptimal pharmacodynamics due to tumor barriers, and metabolism/excretion affecting biosafety. Using a concept-driven framework, we link nano-bio interactions to clinical outcomes within a 'barrier-strategy' paradigm. Corresponding strategies such as mechanism-driven design, AI-assisted optimization, and advanced delivery systems are discussed, with emphasis on safety-by-design principles. Collectively, this perspective provides a forward-looking roadmap for future research, underscoring the importance of integrated technologies, advanced translational models, and scalable manufacturing to fully realize the clinical potential of nanoimmunotherapy.
Suo et al. (Wed,) studied this question.