Currently, the main type of electrochemical energy storage devices are lithium-ion batteries, the global production of which amounts to billions of units per year. Further progress in electrochemical energy storage systems may follow two general trends: improvement of existing lithium-ion batteries and design of alternative types of energy storage devices (so-called post-lithium-ion batteries). The former trend is limited by the fact that characteristics of lithium-ion batteries are approaching the theoretical limit. The latter one is concerned with sodium-ion batteries, lithium–air batteries and primary power sources, lithium–sulfur batteries, and redox flow systems. The present review analyzes state-of-the-art in the development of virtually all types of electrochemical energy storage devices, which makes it possible to compare their characteristics and determine the most appropriate applications for each type of device. The bibliography includes 316 references.
Tsivadze et al. (Fri,) studied this question.