The rise of interactive real-time applications has exposed the latency limitations that current networks experience. Recently, the Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S) architecture emerged to address this problem across the Internet. This paper is the first to systematically review existing L4S experimental development efforts. It synthesizes the current state of research and identifies and outlines several remaining challenges. This analysis maps the primary research themes, dominant algorithms, and common evaluation methodologies, confirming that L4S can deliver on its promise for low-latency in controlled settings. Concurrently, the review summarizes the critical challenges and limitations reported in the literature, particularly concerning partial deployment, real-world wireless performance, and implementation robustness. By providing a structured overview of the technology’s maturity and key open questions, it serves as a guide for future work toward a robust, at-scale deployment of low-latency internet services.
Silvestre et al. (Fri,) studied this question.