The lack of argumentation in the Medinan surahs Surat Al-Baqarah, Surat Al-Imran, and Surat Al-Ma'idah are examples

This study examines the argumentative methods employed in the Medinan surahs of the Qur’an, with a focus on the surahs Al-Baqarah, Aal-e-Imran, and Al-Ma’idah, aiming to uncover the cognitive and logical mechanisms of persuasion that the Qur’an utilizes when addressing various audiences, whether Muslims, People of the Book, or hypocrites. The study adopts an inductive, deductive, and analytical approach, whereby relevant Qur’anic verses were collected and analyzed linguistically and terminologically to extract the different argumentative techniques, such as division and classification, exemplification, question-and-answer, and conceding to the opponent, with interpretive analysis used to refute misconceptions. The findings indicate that Qur’anic argumentation is characterized by several features, including the strength of the argument, the interaction and responsiveness between the speaker and the addressee, the achievement of legal and educational objectives, and the potential to address a wide audience through a coherent rational and logical style. The study also highlights the distinction between argumentation and debate. Furthermore, the study provides applied models from the Medinan surahs, demonstrating how the Qur’an employs division and classification to refute opponents’ claims, exemplification to clarify meanings, question-and-answer to stimulate thought, and conceding to the opponent to reveal contradictions