This study conducted a systematic literature review of 69 peer-reviewed articles and reputable grey literature published between 2000 and 2025. The main aim of the review was to synthesize the existing literature on conceptualization of energy entrepreneurship in developing countries, identify entrepreneurial models and technological innovations for rural energy access, enabling and constraining factors affecting implementation and scalability, and the socio-economic outcomes associated with these initiatives. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and explored three key questions: (1) How is energy entrepreneurship conceptualised in the context of developing countries? (2) What business models and technological innovations are used to expand rural energy access? (3) What are the associated socioeconomic outcomes?. Findings reveal that energy entrepreneurship is conceptualised as a hybrid model combining social innovation, sustainability, and market-based solutions. Dominant business models include Pay-As-You-Go, social enterprises, community cooperatives, and public-private partnerships, typically leveraging decentralized technologies such as solar home systems and mini-grids. Socioeconomic outcomes include increased rural employment, microenterprise development, enhanced productivity, improved health, and gender empowerment. Energy entrepreneurship presents a viable and scalable approach to rural electrification and inclusive development. However, its success depends on an enabling ecosystem of supportive policies, accessible finance, local capacity, and infrastructure. This review provides a conceptual and practical foundation for future policy, investment, and research aimed at fostering sustainable energy access in developing contexts.
Kusemererwa et al. (Sat,) studied this question.