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This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of an evidence-based intra-hospital transport guideline for children.

June 8, 2026Open Access

Effect of implementing an evidence-based clinical practice intra-hospital transport guideline for hospitalized children: a type III hybrid implementation-effectiveness study

Key Points

This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of an evidence-based intra-hospital transport guideline for children.
Type III hybrid effectiveness-implementation design was used.
Pre-post intervention data collected from 110 healthcare professionals and 213 pediatric intra-hospital transports.
RE-AIM framework assessed effectiveness in Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, and Implementation.
Healthcare professionals' knowledge significantly improved from median 40 to 76 (p < 0.001).
Adverse events decreased from 12 to 4 (p = 0.047).
Handover time decreased from a median of 5 minutes to 4 minutes (p < 0.001).

Abstract

Abstract Background Intra-hospital transfers (IHT) of hospitalized children are unavoidable practices often performed with emergency patients and postoperative patients. Standardizing IHT processes to minimize adverse events might improve children’s outcomes. We developed an evidence-based clinical practice IHT guideline for hospitalized children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation process and the effectiveness of the implementation of this guideline on patient outcomes, healthcare professionals’ knowledge and behavior, and hospital organizational context. Methods A type III hybrid effectiveness-implementation design was adopted, using a pre-post intervention trial (January-December 2024). Data of patient demographics, transport-related outcomes, and healthcare providers’ knowledge and compliance were collected. We used the RE-AIM framework to assess effectiveness across four dimensions: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, and Implementation. Totally, 110 healthcare professionals conducted 213 IHTs of eligible children (109 children in the pre-intervention group and 104 in post-intervention group). Results The Reach outcomes demonstrated that participation among hospitalized children ( n = 312) was suboptimal at 33% (104/312). No differences were observed between the pre- and post-intervention group regarding gender, disease distribution, or pediatric early warning scores. The implementation showed favorable outcomes in the dimensions Effectiveness, Adoption, and Implementation. Healthcare professionals engagement was 95%, with 86% (19/22) of the implementation strategies successfully completed. Healthcare professionals’ knowledge in the pre-intervention group ( n = 109) improved from median 40 (IQR 28;52) to median 76 (IQR 64;84) in the post-intervention group ( n = 104; p 0.05). Conclusion The RE-AIM-based evaluation confirmed that the implementation strategies effectively enhanced healthcare professionals’ knowledge and compliance while reducing adverse events and optimizing handover efficiency. However, the limited patient participation rate and increased transport duration highlight areas requiring further refinement to maximize the guideline’s impact. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06512805. Registered 27 June 2024.

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