This work presents a systematic comparative analysis of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration and reduction techniques, evaluating their chemical efficiency, operational costs, reaction kinetics, and feedstock mineral availability. We examine eight principal methods: geological carbon capture and storage (CCS), direct air capture (DAC) with solid and liquid sorbents, ex-situ and in-situ mineral carbonation, enhanced weathering of silicates (EW), ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), biochar production, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and concrete mineralization. For each technique, we compile experimental efficiency data, cost estimates (USD/t CO2 removed), and reaction times from peer-reviewed sources. A central contribution of this study is the cross-referencing of national CO2 emission profiles with domestic mineral reserves—particularly olivine, basalt, wollastonite, serpentine, and limestone—to propose a novel framework: using natural mineral reserves not as extractable commodities but as in-situ reaction sites for CO2 storage and reduction. We demonstrate that countries with large mafic and ultramafic rock formations (e.g., peridotite, basalt plateaus) possess sufficient geological capacity to sequester decades of national emissions through in-situ mineralization, thereby transforming the source of the mineral into the locus of CO2 treatment. All data, efficiencies, and claims are referenced to peer-reviewed publications with DOI identifiers. We include comparative tables, TikZ/pgfplots graphs, stoichiometric reaction formulas, and per-country optimization analyses to identify the most efficient sequestration pathway for each major emitter.
Lucas Freitag (Mon,) studied this question.
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